Neurophysiology Lab Report Sample

Neurophysiology Lab Report Paper Keep on expanding voltage by 0. V and snap single improvement until you discover Max voltage. Maximal Voltage = 10. V Record information Activity 2 Mechanical Stimulation 1. Clear the oscilloscope. 2. Drag the glass pole over the nerve, and discharge it to show the bar is contacting the nerve. What do you see on the oscilloscope? (An activity likely follow. ) How does this following think about? (It has activity potential, yet extraordinary voltage from past tracings. Action 3 Thermal Stimulation Click on the glass pole and drag it to the warmer. Snap the warmth button. At the point when the bar turns red, demonstrating its been warmed, snap and drag it over the nerve. What occurs? (The activity capability of the following seems as though it increments. ) How does this follow contrast with the unheated glass bar? (Activity potential is higher. ) Explanation? (The warmed glass bar influences the nerve more than the cool glass pole. ) Activity 4 Chemical Stimulation 1. Snap and drag the sodium chloride bottle over to the nerve to apportion drops. Does this produce activity potential? (No move potential makes place. ) 2. Take a gander at movement 1 and use voltage and snap single upgrade. Is there anything Yes - Yes extraordinary? (No distinction. ) Record information Nasal: Action Potential-Yes 3. Clean nerve chamber, and clear the oscilloscope. 4. Snap and drag HCI to nerve chamber Action Potential-Yes Different structure edge upgrade? No. 5. Clean nerve chamber. 6. Print information. What sorts of upgrades can inspire an activity potential? Voltage > or HCI Activity 8 Measuring Nerve Conduction Velocity See lab manual. E. Results Experiment: Eliciting a Nerve Impulse Activities 1-4 Voltage Glass Barnacle Heat Action Potential 3. 0 v Yes . V 10. 0 Yes Experiment: Nerve Conduction Velocity Activity 8 Nerve Type Time (mess) Distance (mm) Conduction Velocity Worm 5. Ass mm 8. 60 m/sec Frog . Ass mm 27. 56 m/sec Rata 2. Ass mm 16. 67 m/sec Rat 2 1. So mm 43 reset F. Conversation = 3. OVA, Nasal, In this analysis I researched, the neurophysiology of various kinds of nerves. In exercises 1-4, I found what invigorates the nerve through various kinds of techniques. We ut ilized mechanical, warm, and substance incitement on the nerve to discover an activity potential on the given nerve. We will compose a custom exposition test on Neurophysiology Lab Report explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Neurophysiology Lab Report explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Neurophysiology Lab Report explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In action 8, we estimated the nerve conduction speed of various sorts of nerves. The nerves were tried were the night crawler, frog, and two rodent nerves. The worm had the slowest conduction speed, trailed by the main rodent, at that point the frog, and the quickest one was the subsequent rodent. My decisions about this investigation are that given enough voltage, or a synthetic, mechanical, or warm incitement activity potential can be found in a nerve. Different variables that assume a job in finding an activity potential were common substances, for example, Nasal, HCI, and ethanol.

The Origins of the Domesticated Grapevine

The Origins of the Domesticated Grapevine Trained grapevine (Vitis vinifera, once in a while called V. sativa) was one of the most significant natural product species in the great Mediterranean world, and it is the most significant monetary organic product species in the advanced present reality. As in the old past, sun-cherishing grapevines are today developed to deliver organic products, which are eaten new (as table grapes) or dried (as raisins), and, most particularly, to make wine, a beverage of extraordinary monetary, social, and representative worth. The Vitis family comprises of around 60 between fruitful species that exist only in the Northern Hemisphere: of those, V. vinifera is the just one broadly utilized in the worldwide wine industry. Around 10,000 cultivars of V. vinifera exist today, despite the fact that the market for wine creation is ruled by just a bunch of them. Cultivars are normally characterized by whether they produce wine grapes, table grapes, or raisins. Training History Most proof shows that V. vinifera was tamed in Neolithic southwest Asia between ~6000â€8000 years prior, from its wild predecessor V. vinifera spp. sylvestris, in some cases alluded to as V. sylvestris. V. sylvestris, while very uncommon in certain areas, at present ranges between the Atlantic bank of Europe and the Himalayas. A subsequent conceivable focal point of taming is in Italy and the western Mediterranean, yet so far the proof for that isn't decisive. DNA contemplates recommend that one explanation behind the absence of clearness is the continuous event in the past of intentional or inadvertent cross-reproducing of household and wild grapes. The soonest proof for wine creation as compound deposits inside pots-is from Iran at Hajji Firuz Tepe in the northern Zagros mountains about 7400â€7000 BP. Shulaveri-Gora in Georgia had buildups dated to the sixth thousand years BC. Seeds based on what are accepted to be trained grapes have been found in Areni Cave in southeastern Armenia, around 6000 BP, and Dikili Tash from northern Greece, 4450â€4000 BCE. DNA from grape pips thought to be trained was recuperated from Grotta della Serratura in southern Italy from levels dated to 4300â€4000 cal BCE. In Sardinia, the most punctual dated pieces originate from the Late Bronze Age levels of the Nuragic culture settlement of Sa Osa, 1286â€1115 cal BCE. Dissemination By around 5,000 years prior, grapevines were exchanged out toward the western edge of the Fertile Crescent, the Jordan Valley, and Egypt. From that point, the grape was spread all through the Mediterranean bowl by different Bronze Age and Classical social orders. Late hereditary examinations propose that at this conveyance point, the local V. vinifera was crossed with neighborhood wild plants in the Mediterranean. As indicated by the first century BCE Chinese verifiable record Shi Ji, grapevines discovered their way into East Asia in the late second century BCE, when General Qian Zhang came back from the Fergana Basin of Uzbekistan between 138â€119 BCE. Grapes were later brought to Changan (presently Xian city) by means of the Silk Road. Archeological proof from the steppe society Yanghai Tombs demonstrates, nonetheless, that grapes were developed in the Turpan Basin (at the western edge of what is today China) by in any event 300 BCE. The establishing of Marseille (Massalia) around 600 BCE is thought to have been associated with grape development, proposed by the nearness of countless wine amphorae from its initial days. There, Iron Age Celtic individuals purchased enormous amounts of wine for devouring; yet in general viticulture was moderate developing until, as indicated by Pliny, resigned individuals from the Roman army moved to the Narbonnaisse locale of France toward the finish of the first century BCE. These old fighters developed grapes and mass-delivered wine for their working partners and the urban lower classes. Contrasts Between Wild and Domestic Grapes The principle contrast among wild and residential types of grape is the wild structures capacity to cross-fertilize: wild V. vinifera can self-fertilize, while residential structures can't, which permits ranchers to control a plants hereditary attributes. The taming procedure expanded the size of bundles and berries, and the berrys sugar content too. The final product was more noteworthy yields, increasingly customary creation, and better aging. Different components, for example, bigger blossoms and a wide scope of berry hues especially white grapes-are accepted to have been reared into the grape later in the Mediterranean area. None of these attributes are recognizable archeologically, obviously: for that, we should depend on changes in grape seed (pips) size and shape and hereditary qualities. When all is said in done, wild grapes bear roundish pips with short stalks, while household assortments are progressively extended, with long stalks. Specialists accept the change results from the way that bigger grapes have bigger, increasingly lengthened pips. A few researchers recommend that when pip shape differs inside a solitary setting, that presumably shows viticulture in process. In any case, by and large, utilizing shape, size, and structure is just fruitful if the seeds were not twisted via carbonization, water-logging, or mineralization. Those procedures are what permits grape pits to make due in archeological settings. Some PC representation strategies have been utilized to look at pip shape, procedures which hold guarantee to determine this issue. DNA Investigations and Specific Wines Up until this point, DNA investigation doesnt truly help either. It underpins the presence of one and potentially two unique training occasions, however such a significant number of intentional intersections from that point forward have obscured analysts capacity to distinguish the sources. What seems clear is that cultivars were shared across wide separations, alongside different occasions of vegetative spread of explicit genotypes all through the wine-production world. Theory is uncontrolled in the non-logical world about the inceptions of explicit wines: yet so far logical help of those proposals is uncommon. A not many that are upheld remember the Mission cultivar for South America, which was brought into South America by Spanish teachers as seeds. Chardonnay is probably going to have been the aftereffect of a medieval-period go between Pinot Noir and Gouais Blanc that occurred in Croatia. The Pinot name dates to the fourteenth century and might have been available as ahead of schedule as the Roman Empire. What's more, Syrah/Shiraz, regardless of its name recommending an Eastern start, emerged from French vineyards; as did Cabernet Sauvignon. Sources Bouby, Laurent, et al. Bioarchaeological Insights into the Process of Domestication of Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera L.) During Roman Times in Southern France. PLoS ONE 8.5 (2013): e63195. Print.Gismondi, Angelo, et al. Grapevine Carpological Remains Revealed the Existence of a Neolithic Domesticated Vitis Vinifera L. Example Containing Ancient DNA Partially Preserved in Modern Ecotypes. Diary of Archeological Science 69.Supplement C (2016): 75-84. Print.Jiang, Hong-En, et al. Archaeobotanical Evidence of Plant Utilization in the Ancient Turpan of Xinjiang, China: A Case Study at the Shengjindian Cemetery. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.1 (2015): 165-77. Print.McGovern, Patrick E., et al. Beginnings of Viniculture in France. Procedures of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110.25 (2013): 10147-52. Print.Orrà ¹, Martino, et al. Morphological Characterisation of Vitis Vinifera L. Seeds by Image Analysis and Comparison with Archeological Remains. Vege tation History and Archaeobotany 22.3 (2013): 231-42. Print. Pagnoux, Clã ©mence, et al. Deriving the Agrobiodiversity of Vitis Vinifera L. (Grapevine) in Ancient Greece by Comparative Shape Analysis of Archeological and Modern Seeds. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.1 (2015): 75-84. Print.Ucchesu, Mariano, et al. Prescient Method for Correct Identification of Archeological Charred Grape Seeds: Support for Advances in Knowledge of Grape Domestication Process. PLOS ONE 11.2 (2016): e0149814. Print.Ucchesu, Mariano, et al. Most punctual Evidence of a Primitive Cultivar of Vitis Vinifera L. During the Bronze Age in Sardinia (Italy). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.5 (2015): 587-600. Print.Wales, Nathan, et al. The Limits and Potential of Paleogenomic Techniques for Reconstructing Grapevine Domestication. Diary of Archeological Science 72.Supplement C (2016): 57-70. Print.Zhou, Yongfeng, et al. Transformative Genomics of Grape (Vitis Vinifera Ssp. Vinifera) Domestication. Procedures of the National Academy of Sciences 114.44 (2017) : 11715-20. Print.

A Basic Mindfulness Meditation Script for SAD

A Basic Mindfulness Meditation Script for SAD The following is a mindfulness meditation script that you can use to help overcome social anxiety disorder (SAD). This script is based on basic meditations, and those for coping with anxiety. Choose a quiet place and time to practice your meditation. You might also wish to set a timer to signal the end of your meditation; anywhere from 20 to 40 minutes is a typical length for practice.?? If you would prefer to listen to the script, you could also consider recording yourself reading the passage below and then play it back to yourself through headphones. Begin your meditation by choosing a position. Sit in a chair with an alert but comfortable posture, back straight, hands resting in your lap and feet flat on the floor. Make sure that youre balanced and not straining. Loosen any tight clothing and close your eyes. Gradually notice the stillness of your body. Relax your stomach, chest and shoulders, and begin to focus on your breath. Breathe in deeply through the nose, allowing the air to flow down to your diaphragm, and then release.?? Repeat the breath, allowing the air to gently flow through. Notice a sense of calm as you breathe out. Release tension and stress as you gradually find a comfortable rhythm for your breathing. As you breathe in and out, notice any thoughts or feelings that you have. You might start to worry about the future or think about the pastâ€"its normal for your mind to wander. Some feelings and thoughts might be very distressing, but do your best to observe and not judge. Make a note of the thought or feeling and what it is: maybe you worried about an upcoming social event or thought about a conversation that didnt go so well. If a negative thought or feeling grabs your attention, make a note of it and then return to focusing on your breath. Its natural for your mind to wander to your social and performance fears, but try not to be critical of yourself.?? Notice the thought or feeling, but dont follow it, and dont let your mind pursue it. Recognize that its simply a thought: its what your mind does. You can notice it and then let it go. Picture yourself at the beach, lying on the warm sand. A refreshing breeze blows in and you feel relaxed. Imagine your thoughts and feelings are like the wind blowing or the waves rolling, and continue with your breathing, letting everything become the wind and the waves. Feel how the waves come and go. Remain calm, and let your thoughts move and change. Breathe. Intentionally bring to mind a situation that you fear. Imagine yourself talking to strangers or giving a speech. Sit with the uncomfortable thoughts and feelings that this situation brings, and simply let them be, without resisting. Relax and let the thoughts and feelings gradually dissolve. Resistance will make the distress stay, while acceptance will allow the negativity to dissipate.?? Remember that you will always experience some anxiety; its impossible for it to completely disappear. Instead of resisting, learn to welcome your thoughts and feelings, accept them, and then feel how they float away. When you do find yourself in a moment of happiness during your day, grab hold of it, keeping the feeling in your awareness. Count to 15 seconds, allowing your brain to start establishing and strengthening new pathways. The more you use these pathways, the deeper the grooves become. Happy thoughts will eventually fill those grooves. Gradually, when you are ready, bring your attention slowly back to your breath. Then, move to your body and your surroundings. Move gently, open your eyes, and stretch. Mindfulness Meditation - How Do I Do It?

Pestel, Porter s 5 Forces, And Swot Analysis - 1459 Words

For a better understanding of the positioning of the organisation in the market, a situational analysis is conducted on the firm, describing its market and strategic strongholds, as well as weaknesses. For a clear explanation of the organisation’s situation, the PESTEL, Porter’s 5 Forces, and SWOT analysis will be conducted. It will provide a better understanding of the state of the firm, with a consideration of internal and external factors. 2.1 Pestle Analysis please see appendix 1 PESTEL analysis focuses on evaluating the external market through a consideration of environment variables, enabling an organization understand its opportunities and risks in regards to adopted strategies. It elucidates the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal factors (Yà ¼ksel, 2012). 2.2.1 Political The Tesla is multinational, with operations in over 17 countries in Western Europe Asia, and North America. The variation in political aspects in varying nations results to the need for Tesla Motors to deal with the existent distinctive political patterns that have a profound effect on its business activities. A major political factor affecting the automotive industry (where Tesla belongs) is environment protection, with laws aimed at producing environmental friendly cars to meet strict emission levels as set by governing bodies. In the United States, the US government loan programs for the research and development of new vehicle technologies is a major boost for theShow MoreRelatedBlockbuster Business Analysis1092 Words   |  5 Pagesis a high competitive and dynamic market, dominated for several years by Blockbuster, with its pioneer business model of delivering convenience to the costumers looking for home entertainment. The company was a model for the industry during the 80â₠¬â„¢s, 90’s, but with the new age of online movies, the consumer behavior changed drastically, and other companies, as Netflix and Redbox, providing online content and innovative services, started to dominate this new market. Nowadays, Blockbuster’s businessRead MoreStrategy Management983 Words   |  4 PagesComprehensive strategic analysis of CRH Plc and recommended strategy 1.1 Introduction This assignment 1.2 Choose the Model for CRH Strategy literature offers many techniques and models suited for systematic strategic analysis. The SWOT analysis, the PESTEL analysis, the Five Forces analysis framework are the prime examples of techniques that can be adopted for strategic analysis. This assignment will use PESTEL and Five forces model to analysis the environment of CRH plc. PESTEL analysis is to identifyRead MoreCore Competencies.Doc2561 Words   |  11 Pagesorganization’s long-term competitiveness. 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The Effect of Emperors on Religion - 2087 Words

Religion has always been a predominant aspect in human life, whether we are believers or not, and has always influenced our lives whereas it is tied with social, political and economic aspects. Indeed, for example, nowadays Christianity has become the largest, dominant religion in the world with nearly 2.2 billion adherents in countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Russia and United States. [8] Moreover, Christianity not only as a religion itself, but along with the church, had had an impact on the course of history, both for its adherents and for the others. Historically, it is commonly known that Christianity started with Jesus in the ancient Roman world, it is commonly known that he was eventually executed and that, after his death, Christians were persecuted under several Roman emperors reigns, and it is commonly known that during one specific reign the Romans started to shift their attitude towards Christians and Christianity became the main religion of Rome and of all its provinces that adopted Romes culture, traditions and, precisely, religion. All of the above laid the foundation of what today we know as Christianity, though, what is Christianity? Historically, who was Jesus? Who were these reigns that brutally oppressed Christian population? And, more importantly, who was that Emperor that changed the destiny of that growing religion in the years of his reign? Palestine, a Roman province, faced the birth of the Jesus movement, today known as Christianity. FollowersShow MoreRelated China and Japan Essay1013 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout the dynasties in China and Japan, religion, economy and politics have been affected by each other in various ways. In the book â€Å"Religion and Making of Modern East Asia†, Thomas Dubois brings to light the impact religion made on both politics and economy in China and Japan throughout the historical period up till date. In his words, he describes â€Å"religion as an extremely political force† (Duboi s, 2011, pp. 7-16). As various religions were introduced, it shaped the politics of leadersRead MoreThe Rule Of The Empire Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesto spread their religious mantra to their populace. Asoka, of the Mauryan empire, wanted to use his religion in order to establish his empire as a stronghold of peace and prosperity. In stark contrast to that, Emperor Trajan of Rome wanted for Christians under his dominion to be persecuted in order to keep the status quo of the empire. 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Religion is a part of any society in the world. It affects people’s lives everyday. Religion is â€Å"the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods†. People sacrifice valuable things to please their god or goddesses

American Aid Policy Free Essays

The United States is the leading developed nation in foreign aid that considers both the interest of its own citizens and industries and those of beneficiary countries. Billions of people all over the world have benefited and appreciated the role of United States in both foreign and food aid. This research paper looks deeply into the overall effectiveness of US foreign aid policy, the need to effect any changes in policy framework or continue to handle affairs in their current form and finally examine the need to increase or decrease the amount in foreign aid. We will write a custom essay sample on American Aid Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aid and Millennium Development Goals The achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in third world countries and specifically the African continent cannot be realized when foreign aid to these nations is not fully availed. Human development has been ignored by international donor community notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, instead putting more focus on biased economic parameters. Poverty levels in these nations thus cannot be eradicated. Africa alone needs a total of 72 billion dollars in foreign aid per year to achieve its Millennium Development Goals by 2015. This is meager fraction in comparison to the $ 362 billion in subsidiaries developed countries paid to its home based agricultural sectors in 2006. Commitment by developed countries to increase amounts in foreign aid to 0. 7% of their national income has not been realized (Marr, Gunatilaka Killick, 1998). United States has faired poorly in its rating with only 0. 16% and appears at the bottom of the list. Eradicating poverty and improving human life demand increase in foreign aid to developing nations and failure to honor these commitments means that the present status in terms of poverty levels will remain for a long time. Effectiveness of Foreign Aid The close relationship that exists between foreign aid effectiveness and conditions attached to it has always been a thorny issue. Important development agendas such as the balancing of existing relationship between recipient and donor, considering first support to priorities sectors by the government, deter cases of aid programmes duplications and providing means for undertaking transparency assessment on aid performance are factors that must be put into consideration to ensure aid effectiveness. Furthermore, donor support harmonization in aid programmes that undertake development projects in more than one country demands mutual accountability. Direct budget subsidy contributed by donor countries which still stands at 5% of aid given to developing nations should be viewed by the recipient countries as domestic; hence, implemented vividly on development agendas rather than being accountable to the donors. Though this may be the best way of implementing aid as it create an opportunity for strong economic principles and political willingness to avoid bureaucracy, donors do not yet willing to adopt this model because of their institutionalized channel of aid flow which do onto conform with the developing countries political structures. In essence, increased direct budget support by donors and good government structure of the recipient countries will increase aid effectiveness (Guillaumont Chauvet, 2001) Need For Change in Aid Policy Critics have always advocated for foreign aid policy reforms. While United States foreign programme has noted high levels of success, it cannot be without a list of problems. The original aim of American aid policy was to generate and improve its economic sub-sectors such as the shipping industry, dump surpluses and promote trade. A clear example is the food aid policy in which food aid is no longer about providing a meal for the hungry but takes care of a multitude of objectives. A half of every dollar spent on food aid goes into the related costs such as processing and shipping. This reveals that policy changes must be put in place to make food aid perform to its fullest. This is because the current food aid policy strives to accomplish very many objectives, most of which are obsolete. It takes a very long time to transport food from a farmer to its final destination and at times this period takes up to five months. Such delay in delivery leads to added costs such as insurance and crew wages. Furthermore delay is the delivery in food aid cost lives in disaster situations. Money should be used to purchase food closer to their destination and reduce costs of transportation. A drastic shift must be made towards of food aid procuring, with purchase in the beneficiary nation and in the United States. Purchasing goods in countries closer to the beneficiary nations would strengthen agricultural market in these nations (Hansen Tarp, 2000). The main objective here is local procurement of goods, not aid with conditions. America must move away from tied aid to make its foreign aid policy effective. The global economic crisis has led to questions about the general effectiveness of foreign aid. Questions as to how aid can be sustained continuously in times of economic recessions must be answered to achieve high performance. At the moment, American legislation demands that 50% of aid commodities must be processed and packed at home before shipment. Furthermore, 75% of food aid is managed by the USAID and 50% is under the management of US department of agriculture (Guillaumont Chauvet, 2001). These commodities must be shipped in vessels flying US flags. Such conditions must be constantly reviewed to do away with long procedures of aid handling and delivery. While there are efforts to reform the aid policy, it is expected to take time before full effectiveness is achieved. The 1961 Foreign Assistance Act and the Farm Bill under President George Bush are some efforts to restructure United States foreign aid policy. An examination into different types of foreign aid reveals a complex scenario on how effective its overall objectives are. The reconstruction of countries reeling from effects of war such as Iraq and Afghanistan are always controversial in nature. Given the overlap in time due to security related issues, it is almost impossible to accurately determine how much and to what level of effectiveness these aid constitute (Dalgaard Hansen, 2007). Another area that requires total change is the technical cooperation. This is poorly defined due to its ambiguity and thus hard to measure. They are always under criticism due to the huge amounts involved but often not properly accounted for. Technical cooperation always means transfer of skills and knowledge from the donor country to the beneficiary country but always become controversial when they involve military aid assistance such as generous packages to Israel and Egypt. The so-called aid for national interest always attracts huge aid packages than moral areas such as poverty and disease alleviation. Pakistan is a major recipient of United States aid due to its influence and geographical location with Afghanistan and receives this foreign aid to maintain stability and peace in the region. America must do away with some aid conditionality. The imbalance in aid contracts creates conditions which translate into donor demands for change in social, political and economic affairs (Burns, 1984). One of the most absurd conditions from the western donors is the system of state control over all sectors of the economy. The demand for democratic states and good governance, free and fair elections, constitute to some of these conditions. Considering achievement of these conditions a yardstick to receiving foreign aid undermines its role and objects and thus makes it a political tool to control affairs of other countries. Reforms must be made on how aid is channeled to the beneficiary countries. Multilateral aid is always channeled through World Bank and other regional development banks while bilateral aid is paid direct to the beneficiary countries (Miyashita, 2003). Multilateral aid has so far recorded greater success than bilateral aid since it is not selective and undertakes its programmes on neutral basis. These aids are in the form of grants that ensure maximum utilization for the set objectives. Reforming policies in these sectors to ensure maximum transparency and reduce levels of political interference would definitely improve its performance. Conclusion Bilateral aid must not be used to hood-wink political leaders. It is obvious that some developing countries whose economic performances are poor depend mainly on foreign aid to support their programmes. Application of selective strategies and tough conditions driven by greed to control the smaller nations will eventually render the foreign aid ineffective. The way to go in improving the performance is forging a close alliance with the beneficiaries and improving levels of transparency (Toye, Harrigan Mosley, 1995). The handling of foreign food must take into consideration the overall improvement of agriculture and provision of close markets for agricultural markets to regions close to the beneficiary country. Foreign aid must therefore seek to improve the level of human development. References: Burns, W. J. , (1984), Economic Aid and American Policy towards Egypt. Sunny Press Dalgaard, C. J. Hansen, H. , (2007), On Aid, Growth and Good Policies, The Journal of Development Studies, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 37(6), 17-41. Guillaumont, P. Chauvet, L. , (2001), Aid and Performance: A Reassessment, The Journal of Development Studies, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 37(6), pages 66-92 Hansen, H. Tarp, F. , (2000), Aid effectiveness disputed, Journal of International Development, John Wiley Sons, Ltd. , vol. 12(3), pages 375-398. Marr, A. , Gunatilaka, R. Killick, T. , (1998), Aid and the Political Economy of policy change, Routledge. Miyashita, A. (2003), Limits to Power: Asymmetric dependence and Japanese foreign aid policy, Lexington Books. Toye, J. F. Y, Harrigan, J. J. Mosley, P. (1995), Aid and power; The World Bank and Policy–Based Lending, Routledge. How to cite American Aid Policy, Papers

Philosphy In Religion Essays - Fictional Cyborgs, Action Heroes

Philosphy In Religion Ian Rassel Mark Tjarks 11-30-98 The Descent into Dark We live in a society, which relies on fairy tales and mythology to entertain and take us off to a far away place where we can identify with our imagination. The Star Wars trilogy is a classic example of the hero cycle. A young man is brought up believing the light side of the force is his destiny. It has an old warrior, which teaches young Luke an ancient craft that has been used for centuries to battle evil. Luke is told about his father and how he was a great Jedi Knight, how he was killed by a man named Darth Vader, but fails to tell him that the fate of the galaxy lies on his shoulders. Luke grows wise but still cocky and bull headed much like Oedipus Rex. Young Luke Skywalker sees his mentor get taken down by the same man who killed his father thus giving birth to his inner dark side. He is yet to see the need for a balance of the two forces. Luke develops many friendships and is forced to choose whether or not he wants to complete his training with his new mentor Yoda, or watch his friends die in trying to defeat the Empire and Darth Vader. He ignores all that he was taught by Obi wan and Yoda and decides to take his destiny in his own hands and confront Vader and save his friends. In doing this rebellion to the light side of the force, Luke can now feel the power of having the light side and the dark. During his battle with Vader, Luke can see that there is a transformation of the villain. What was once a cold and dark character, Lord Vader now has a compassion for his son. Though Luke is blinded and stubborn for the light side of the force, is actions are now balanced between the two forces. Vader now starts to see compassion for his son, who is forced to do battle not by his own will. Vader then offers an ultimatum for his son who is to join with him to defeat the emperor and rule the universe. Luke denies his father and descends into his own darkness when he finds out Vader is his father, this symbolizes the death period in the fairy tale. The resurrection of Skywalker in Return of the Jedi shows that Luke realizes that he has the power to defeat the Emperor and maybe bring back his father to the light side of the force. When he confronts his enemies, Luke almost makes the decent into the darkness as he battles his father. He realizes that the rage that is controlling him is the dark side. Luke stops the battle after he sees that Vader's chopped hand is just like his own and he knows the two are both alike. Luke can see that he will soon become just like his father. As the aggravated Emperor starts to kill Luke, Vader goes through his own resurrection. With this compassion for his son, Lord Vader throws the Emperor to his death. Saving his son showing us that there is still good in him. The light side of the force is not completely out Vader. The cycle that these characters in the story Star Wars take, is a life-death cycle. They choose between which side of life to live. Campbell's idea that both the light and dark side is in a way diseased shows that a balance must be present. The light side is constantly in control and more of a thanatos way, whereas the dark side is in chaos and an eros view. The balance between the two is cyclical approach to life. There are ups and downs to everything of nature. As Yoda said, ?there is no try only do.? A true jedi must confront the dark side of the force in order to see what the light side has. Philosophy